1 Introduction
 1.1 Background
 1.2 Rôle of KAPPA
 1.3 Functionality of KAPPA
  1.3.1 Applications
  1.3.2 General
 1.4 This document
2 Tutorials
 2.1 From the C-shell
 2.2 From ICL
3 Getting started
 3.1 Running KAPPA
 3.2 Issuing Commands
 3.3 Obtaining Help
  3.3.1 Hypertext Help
  3.3.2 Entering the Help System
  3.3.3 Navigating Help Hierarchies
  3.3.4 Help on KAPPA commands
 3.4 Changing the Current Directory in ICL
 3.5 Exiting an Application
4 Parameters
 4.1 Summary
 4.2 Defaults
 4.3 Globals
 4.4 Strings
 4.5 Arrays
 4.6 Abort and Null
 4.7 Help
 4.8 Menus
 4.9 Environment Variables
 4.10 Specifying Parameter Values on Command Lines
  4.10.1 Keyword
  4.10.2 Abbreviations
  4.10.3 Position
  4.10.4 Keyword versus Positional Parameters
  4.10.5 Special Behaviour
 4.11 Special Keywords: ACCEPT, PROMPT, RESET
 4.12 MIN and MAX parameter values
 4.13 Specifying Groups of Objects
  4.13.1 Indirection
  4.13.2 Editing
  4.13.3 Modification
  4.13.4 Ignoring Syntax Characters
  4.13.5 Groups of Data Files
  4.13.6 Examples
 4.14 Output Parameters
5 Verbosity of Messages
6 Graphics Devices and Files
 6.1 Selecting a Graphics Device
  6.1.1 Global Parameters
  6.1.2 X-windows
 6.2 Composite Hardcopy Plots
7 Plotting Styles and Attributes
 7.1 Plotting Styles and Attributes
 7.2 Specifying a Plotting Style
  7.2.1 Group Expressions
  7.2.2 Temporary Attributes
  7.2.3 Synonyms for Attribute Names
  7.2.4 Colour Attributes
 7.3 Establishing Defaults for Plotting Attributes
 7.4 Graphical Escape Sequences
8 Data structures
 8.1 Restrictions on the Usage of Data Structures
 8.2 Looking at the Data Structures
 8.3 Editing the Data Structures
 8.4 Native Format
9 NDF Sections
 9.1 Specifying Lower and Upper Bounds
 9.2 Specifying Centre and Extent
 9.3 Using World or Axis Co-ordinates to Specify Sections
  9.3.1 World co-ordinates:
  9.3.2 Axis co-ordinates:
 9.4 Specifying Fractional Extents
 9.5 Changing Dimensionality
 9.6 Mixing Bounds Expressions
10 NDF History
 10.1 Control and Content of History Recording
 10.2 Adding Commentary to History Recording
 10.3 Listing History Records
11 The Graphics Database
 11.1 The Graphics Database in Action
 11.2 Other Graphics Database Facilities
 11.3 The Co-ordinate Frames Associated with a Picture
 11.4 The Graphics Database File
 11.5 Working With PostScript Files
  11.5.1 The Choice of Graphics Device
  11.5.2 The PostScript Files
  11.5.3 Combining the Files into a Single File
  11.5.4 Running the Applications
  11.5.5 Using X-windows to Produce a Prototype
  11.5.6 An Example
12 Using World Co-ordinate Systems
 12.1 Pixel Indices, Pixel Co-ordinates, and Grid Co-ordinates
 12.2 Co-ordinate Frames, Axes and Domains
 12.3 FrameSets, and the Current Frame
 12.4 Reserved Domain Names
 12.5 Specifying a Co-ordinate Frame
 12.6 Propagation of WCS Information
 12.7 Reading WCS Information Stored in Other Forms
 12.8 Using SETSKY to Add a Celestial Co-ordinate Frame to an NDF
 12.9 Converting an AXIS structure to a SpecFrame
 12.10 Specifying Attributes for sub-Frames within Compound Frames
13 Interaction Mode
14 Graphics Device Colour Table and Palette
 14.1 Lookup Tables
 14.2 Manipulating Colour Tables
 14.3 Creating Lookup Tables
  14.3.1 From a Text File
  14.3.2 Running LUTEDIT
 14.4 Palette
 14.5 Persistence of Palettes and Colour Tables
15 Masking, Bad Values, and Quality
 15.1 Bad-pixel Masking
  15.1.1 Doing it the ARD Way
  15.1.2 SEGMENT and ZAPLIN
  15.1.3 Special Filters for Inserting Bad Values
 15.2 Quality Masking
 15.3 Removing bad pixels
16 Using Quality Names
 16.1 Introduction
 16.2 Quality Names
 16.3 Quality Expressions
17 Processing Groups of Data Files
 17.1 Applications that Process Groups of NDFs
 17.2 What about the other Parameters?
 17.3 Output Parameters
 17.4 What Happens if an Error Occurs?
 17.5 What about Applications that Re-use Parameters?
 17.6 Introducing a Pause Between Invocations
 17.7 Reporting the Data Files being Processed
 17.8 The Syntax for Specifying Groups of Data Files
 17.9 Using non-NDF Data Formats
 17.10 Disabling Multiple Invocations of Applications
18 Getting Data into KAPPA
 18.1 Automatic Conversion
 18.2 Other Routes for Data Import
 18.3 FITS readers
  18.3.1 Reading FITS Tapes
  18.3.2 Reading FITS Files
 18.4 The FITS Airlock
  18.4.1 NDF Extensions
  18.4.2 Importing and Exporting from and to the FITS Extension
  18.4.3 Listing the FITS Extension and keywords
  18.4.4 Creating and Editing the FITS Extension
  18.4.5 Easy way to create and edit the FITS Extension
19 Procedures
 19.1 C-shell scripts
 19.2 ICL Procedures
20 Problems Problems
 20.1 Errors
 20.2 No Match
 20.3 Unable to Obtain Work Space
 20.4 Application Automatically Picks up the Wrong NDF
 20.5 Unable to Store a Picture in the Graphics Database
 20.6 Line Graphics are Invisible on an Graphics Device
 20.7 Error Obtaining a Locator to a Slice of an HDS array
 20.8 Badly placed ()’s
 20.9 Attempt to use ’positional’ parameter value (x) in an unallocated position
 20.10 The choice x is not in the menu. The options are…
 20.11 Annotated axes show the wrong co-ordinate system
 20.12 “I’ve Got This FITS Tape”
 20.13 FITSIN does not Recognise my FITS Tape
 20.14 It Used to Work…and Weird Errors
21 Custom KAPPA
 21.1 Tasks
 21.2 Parameters
 21.3 Commands
22 Acknowledgments
23 Acknowledging this Software
A Classified KAPPA commands
 A.1 DATA IMPORT & EXPORT
  A.1.1 Image generation and input
  A.1.2 Preparation for output
 A.2 DATA DISPLAY
  A.2.1 Detail enhancement
  A.2.2 Device selection
  A.2.3 Display control
  A.2.4 Graphics Database
  A.2.5 Lookup/Colour tables
  A.2.6 Output
  A.2.7 Palette
 A.3 DATA MANIPULATION
  A.3.1 Arithmetic
  A.3.2 Combination
  A.3.3 Compression and expansion
  A.3.4 Configuration change
  A.3.5 Filtering
  A.3.6 HDS components
  A.3.7 NDF array components
  A.3.8 NDF axis components
  A.3.9 NDF character components
  A.3.10 NDF extensions
  A.3.11 NDF History
  A.3.12 NDF Provenance
  A.3.13 NDF World Co-ordinate Systems
  A.3.14 Pixel editing and masking
  A.3.15 Polarimetry
  A.3.16 Resampling and transformations
  A.3.17 Surface and vector fitting
 A.4 DATA ANALYSIS
  A.4.1 Statistics
  A.4.2 Other
 A.5 SCRIPTING TOOLS
 A.6 INQUIRIES & STATUS
 A.7 MISCELLANEOUS
B Quotas to run KAPPA
C Specifications of KAPPA applications
 C.1 Explanatory Notes

D Descriptions of Frame Attributes
E Descriptions of Plotting Attributes
F Standard Named Colours
G Using MathMaps
 G.1 Defining Transformation Functions
 G.2 Calculating Intermediate Values
 G.3 Expression Syntax
 G.4 Variables
 G.5 Literal Constants
 G.6 Arithmetic Precision
 G.7 Propagation of Missing Data
 G.8 Arithmetic Operators
 G.9 Logical Operators
 G.10 Relational Operators
 G.11 Bitwise Operators
 G.12 Functions
 G.13 Symbolic Constants
 G.14 Evaluation Precedence and Associativity
H Standard Components in an NDF
I IMAGE data format
J Supported HDS Data Types
K Release Notes—V2.6
 K.1 New Commands
 K.2 General Changes
 K.3 Modified Commands
L Notes from Previous Few Releases
 L.1 Release Notes—V2.0
  L.1.1 General Changes
  L.1.2 New Commands
  L.1.3 Modified Commands
 L.2 Release Notes—V2.1
  L.2.1 New Commands
  L.2.2 Modified Commands
 L.3 Release Notes—V2.2
  L.3.1 Documentation Changes
  L.3.2 Modified Commands
 L.4 Release Notes—V2.3
  L.4.1 New Commands
  L.4.2 Modified Commands
 L.5 Release Notes—V2.4
  L.5.1 New Commands
  L.5.2 Modified Commands
 L.6 Release Notes—V2.5
  L.6.1 General Changes
  L.6.2 Modified Commands
M Release Notes—V2.5-9
 M.1 Modified Commands